# Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is your cells' main built-in antioxidant. It is a small molecule (a thiol) that your body makes in two energy-using steps from three amino acids: glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, with help from the enzymes glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione synthetase. It does a few key jobs. It feeds enzymes called glutathione peroxidases (GPx) that mop up hydrogen peroxide and damaged fats. It tags toxins for disposal (through glutathione S-transferases). And it keeps your proteins in the right chemical state. Here is the catch: your total glutathione tends to fall with age in most tissues, partly because you make less of it and partly because oxidative load rises. A low ratio of active to spent glutathione (GSH:GSSG) is linked to faster cellular aging and disease risk. That is why supplements like N-acetylcysteine and glycine are being tested to rebuild glutathione levels in older adults.

## Sources

- Kumar et al.. (2023). Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glac135
- Ballatori et al.. (2009). Glutathione dysregulation and the etiology and progression of human diseases. Biological Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1515/BC.2009.033

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