Photobiomodulation (red light therapy)

Photobiomodulation, often called red light therapy, applies low-level red and near-infrared light to tissue; most clinical devices use ~600–900 nm, with some PBM literature extending toward ~1100 nm. The proposed mechanism likely involves multiple pathways, including absorption by cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria, nitric oxide signalling, and broader mitochondrial redox modulation, which together influence ATP production and reactive oxygen species. Clinical evidence supports modest benefits for some skin and musculoskeletal conditions; broader anti-ageing, cognitive, or metabolic claims rest on small or preliminary trials and are not yet established.